构词法 Word Formation
在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。 一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。
(1) 合成形容词 方式 例词 1形容词＋形容词 red-hot 2形容词＋名词 first-class, full-time, part-time 3形容词＋现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容词＋过去分词 ready-made 5形容词＋名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded 6名词＋名词-ed iron-willed 7名词＋形容词 world-famous, day-long 8名词＋现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名词＋过去分词 man-made, water-covered, 10副词＋形容词 ever-green 11副词＋现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing 12副词＋过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known 13数词＋名词 five-year 14数词＋名词+形容词 five-year-old 15数词＋名词-ed four-legged, six-storied (2)合成动词 构成方式 例词 1名词＋动词 day-dream 2副词＋动词 overcome, upturn翻起 3形容词＋动词 white-wash (3)合成名词 构成方式 例词 1名词＋名词 horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容词＋名词 back-yard, forehead, 3动名词＋名词 hiding place, reading-room 4动词＋副词 get-off, break in, 5副词＋动词 output, overflow (4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation 前缀 前缀 含义 例词 a- 处在…… arise, aside, alone en- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslave dis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree
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un- 不 unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, 做相反动作 unclose, undress, uncover, untie in- 不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect im- impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical ir- irregular, irresponsible il- illogical, non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop de- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻） anti- 反（对） anti-freeze, anti-fascist mis- 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune re 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-education ex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-president tele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescope super- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower, under- 在……之下 underline, underestimate, underground, inter- 相互，之间 international, interact, inter-change sub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translate vice- 副 vice-premier, vice-president semi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic bi 两个 bicycle, biennial两年一次的 tri 三个 triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎 mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured kilo- 千 kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀 例 词 -er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater -ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess -or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -ar beggar -ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese -ian musician, Egyptian, physician 名 -ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist, 词 -ent/-ant assistant -ment argument, judgment, government -ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness -tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention -ing building, wedding, painting -ship leadership, friendship, hardship -age shortage, marriage, leakage -ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
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-th -ance -ence -ful -al -y -dom -ism truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence mouthful, handful, plateful, refusal, denial, arrival difficulty, possibility, freedom, wisdom, kingdom socialism, materialism 注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。
-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。 后 缀 例 词 -al central, industrial, national, natural -an European, American, Australian -ern eastern, northern, southern -able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible -ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ish childish, Swedish, selfish -ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective -y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny -less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless -en golden, wooden, woolen -ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various -ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary 形 -ic realistic, historic, poetic 容 -some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome 词 -like childlike, womanlike, manlike -ant ignorant, significant, observant, important -ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent -ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly -ish childish, foolish 后 缀 例 词 -ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, 动 -en widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, 词 quicken, deepen -fy Simplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀 例 词 -ward(s) forward, northward, backward, downward 副 词 -ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly 三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。 1. 名词和动词之间的转化
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telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study,
2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的——使完善 3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面——前面的 4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的——首领
Ⅰ.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left.
( ) 1. enrich ( ) 2. semicircle ( ) 4. sharpen ( ) 5. job-hunting ( ) 6. limitless ( ) 7. imaginative ( ) 8. defrost
A. trying to find jobs B. remove, get rid of ice, frost C. of, having, using imagination D. make or become sharp E. half a circle F. causing trouble
G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc. H. without limit
( ) 3. troublesome
Ⅱ.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks.
1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise) 2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play) 3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy)
4. It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy) 5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______. (invent) 6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign） 7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy) 8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple) 9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear) 10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover) 11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate) 12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music) 13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak)
14. The days on the moon get hotter than ______ water. (boil) 15. Thank you for your _________. (kind)
16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money
for their college _____. (expensive)
17. Most international ______ letters are written in English, too. (busy)
18. The boy noticed an ______ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it.
(correct) 19. When in Rome, do as the _____ do. (Rome)
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20. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest)
Ⅲ.根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。 A. Rafting
Rafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience n________. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f______ trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_______, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_________ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves q_______. You have to be c________ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W________” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
B. Are we endangered?
Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what causes e________, we may be able to take m_______ before it is too late. A species can become e_______ for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is c_______ and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live s_______ in their habitat. Keys:
Ⅰ.1. G 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. H 7. C 8. B Ⅱ.1. noisily 2. players 3. happily 4. heavily
5. inventor; inventions 6. foreigners 7. satisfactory 8. simplify 9. appearance 10. uncovered 11. operation 12. musician 13. spoken 14. boiling 15. kindness
16. expenses 17. business 18. uncorrected 19. Romans 20. honesty Ⅲ. A篇nature, fallen, excitement, adventurous, quickly, careful, Whitewater
B. 篇endangerment, measures, endangered, comfortable, successfully
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