目 录
第一章 绪 论...........................................1 第二章 常见沥青路面病害类型及产生原因..................2 2.1 裂缝...............................................2 2.2 路面推移...........................................3 2.3 泛油和油斑.........................................4 2.4 车辙...............................................4 第三章 病害防治技术和处理方法..........................6 3.1 裂缝的预防措施和治理措施...........................6 3.2 路面推移以及泛油和油斑的预防措施和治理措施.........9 3.3 车辙预防措施和治理.................................9 第四章 结束语.........................................11 参考文献..............................................12 致谢..................................................13 外语翻译..............................................14
摘 要
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
本文分析了常见沥青路面病害类型及产生原因，阐明了沥青路面早期裂缝造成原因和后果, 影响车辆的行驶舒适性，造成道路行车安全隐患。对沥青混凝土路面产生裂缝的预防与处理，是保证行车质量，延长道路使用周期的关键。针对当前沥青路面普遍存在的病害问题,提出了简便有效防治措施,以提高沥青路面的使用寿命, 针对病害提出了病害防治技术和处理方法。
随着高速公路的的飞速发展,沥青混凝土路面得到了广泛的应用,但道路裂缝成为普遍存在且对道路危害较为严重的病害之一,因此探索高速公路沥青混凝土路面裂缝成因及防治措施,提高其使用寿命就显得优为重要。
关键词：沥青路面 病害 处理方法
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
Abstract
In this paper the common asphalt pavement disease types and causes of asphalt pavement, expounds the causes and consequences caused by early cracks, the influence of vehicle driving comfort, road traffic safety hazard. The asphalt concrete pavement for prevention and treatment of cracks is to guarantee the quality and prolong driving cycle of road use. In view of the current asphalt pavement widespread disease problems, and put forward effective prevention measures in order to improve the service life, proposed for disease prevention and control technology and processing method diseases.
Along with the rapid development of expressway asphalt concrete pavement, and has been widely used, but the road to crack exists and become more serious diseases road harm one, so to explore expressway asphalt concrete pavement of crack causes and prevention measures to improve its service life is optimal for important.
Keywords: asphalt pavement processing methods
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
第一章 绪 论
近几年，随着我国公路建设的发展，使我公司负责管理养护的
高速公路里程已达到了1092公里，沥青混凝土路面以其比单纯的混凝土路面具有诸多优势特点，而越来越多地被应用到高等级公路建设中，但是沥青混凝土路面的一些问题却不容忽视。在各种因素的影响下，不可避免的会出现很多病害，沥青混凝土大部分设计年限为15年。然而部分地区局部路段路面使用年限2年都不足，既影响使用功效又浪费资源。现就我区最早建成通车呼包高速公路（1997年7月建成通车）及其辅道（二级公路）发生的一些裂缝病害的危害、类型分类、成因及防治措施进行简要的研究探讨。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
第二章 常见沥青路面病害类型及产生原因
沥青路面的病害产生是多种因素综合作用的结果，其种类繁
多，但主要表现为裂缝、车辙、沉陷、坑槽、唧泥、泛油、波浪、拥包、表面磨光、松散剥落等。现就沥青混凝土路面最常见的裂缝、路面推移、泛油和油斑、车辙产生的原因进行分析。
2.1裂缝
2.1.1横向裂缝：
裂缝与路中心线基本垂直，缝宽不一，缝长贯穿部分路幅或整个路幅。裂缝一般比较规则，每隔一定的距离产生一道裂缝，裂缝间距的大小取决于当地的气温和沥青面层与半刚性基层材料的抗裂性能。
2.1.2纵向裂缝：
裂缝走向基本与行车方向平行，裂缝长度和宽度不一。主要集中在行车道轮迹分布密集处，因为高速公路交通渠化分明，轮迹位置及轮迹分布范围较小。大车、慢车、重型车辆全部集中在行车道上，快车、小型车，轻型车行驶于超车道机会明显增多，超车道上荷载较小，交通量相对较小，纵向裂缝也较小，纵缝缝宽一般在5～10mm，靠近标线或位于车道中央，且绵延几十米，甚至数百米。常以单条裂缝形式出现。产生的原因有两种可能性，一种情况是沥青面层分路幅摊铺时，两幅接茬处未处理好，在车辆荷载及大气因素作用下逐渐开裂；另一种情况是由于路基压实度不均匀或由于路基边缘受水侵蚀产生不均匀沉陷而引起。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
2.1.3网状裂缝：
裂缝纵横交错。缝宽1mm以上，缝距40cm以下，1m2以上。
2.1.4反射裂缝：
基层产生裂缝后，在温度和行车荷载作用下，裂缝将逐渐反射到沥青表面，路表面裂缝的位置形状与基层裂缝基本相似。半刚性基层的开裂通常由温缩或干缩引起，多数情况是在基层铺筑后，由于未按规定及时养生或未及时铺筑沥青面层，使基层长期暴露在大气中，在降温和水分联合作用下而开裂。
笔者在郊环线病害发生地点实际观察过发现，在“白改黑”路段和桥头回填路段反射裂缝病害比较普遍。究其原因，“白改黑”路段原设计“白色”路面设计年限和标准相对现在而言低，且路基设计标准也是参照以往的交通情况和要求，在沥青路面施工后，重交通荷载下，“白色”路面产生裂缝，反射到沥青路面；桥头回填路段主要是因为软基路段不均匀沉降引起的裂缝直接反射到沥青路面。
另外，行车荷载的作用加速裂缝的发展，二灰碎石在施工及运营中由于种种原因会产生细微裂纹。根据断裂力学理论，半刚性基层内存储的能量由行车荷载提供，并通过裂纹失稳扩展消耗能量，这个过程不断反复进行，使独立的裂纹扩展为数条贯通宏观裂纹，直到形成小裂缝，最后成为贯穿裂缝。这是行车道裂缝多于超车道，变通量轴载次数大裂缝多于交通量小原因所在。
2.2路面推移
沥青混凝土面层推移，主要是指混合料在道路的纵向发生位移，它可能是在施工期间发生或者是在道路通车一段时间后产生，
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
尤其在高温天气下。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
2.3泛油和油斑
泛油和油斑是指沥青混合料中粘结料集中到局部地方，最直接的判断方式就是在道路轮迹处出现发亮的纵向条纹，在施工铺设和通车后阶段都有可能出现。
路面推移以及泛油和油斑这两种病害产生的最主要的原因是混合料离析。混合料发生离析时，粗集料和细集料分别集中于铺筑层的某些位置，使沥青混凝土不均匀、配合比级配与原设计不符，混合料失去原设计达到的粘接力就形成了路面推移，而混合料的不均匀还会导致集料和沥青分离，沥青集中到一处形成泛油和油斑。混合料离析又是由什么引起的呢?
a沥青混合料本身的原因：配合比设计若采用间断级配、大粒径较粗级配均易产生集料的离析；沥青用量偏大也易产生离析； b.混合料拌和过程、运输、摊铺过程中的离析：拌和温度过高，连续式拌和均易产生离析。当拌和料被放人运输车时，将有一部分骨料流向车厢的侧面，造成粗细集料集中现象。同时热量损失在运输车厢周边立刻出现，在改性沥青路面中，由于要求温度高，这样的现象就越明显。在热混合料运输中，尤其是运距越长，越会造成车厢底、侧及顶面温度降低。卸料时料在顶面温度低的料落在摊铺机受料斗的两侧，当料车卸完料以及受料斗中料堆接近消失时，两侧冷料向内落下，被输送带送到后面的分料室，并被整平，整平板不可能使较冷的混合料与高温混合料一样固结。
2.4车辙
车辙一般是在温度较高的季节，沥青面层在车辆的反复碾压下产生永久变形和塑性流动而逐渐形成。它通常是在伴随沥青面
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
层压缩沉陷的同时，出现侧向隆起，二者组合起来构成的。路面的永久变形主要发生在沥青面层中。因此，为了延缓车辙的形成，主要应从提高沥青面层材料的高温稳定性来着手考虑。此外，车辙的严重程度与沥青面层的结构组成和配合比有极大关系，ii型沥青混凝土路面自身的抗车辙能力比i型好的多。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
第三章 病害防治技术和处理方法
3.1裂缝的预防措施和治理措施
产品生产前对原材料特别是沥青做试验，根据《沥青路面施工及验收规范》(gb50092)要求，按本地区气候条件和道路等级选取适用的沥青类型。以减少或消除沥青面层温度收缩裂缝。采用优质沥青更有效。沥青路面裂缝产生后，应及时予以处理，防止水等有害物质侵入，影响道路使用寿命。目前我公司采用的裂缝维修方法主要有以下几个类型：
3.1.1普通沥青或改性沥青灌缝处理
呼包高速公路辅道（旧G110国道）二级公路上对于细裂缝(2～5mm)可用乳化沥青进行灌缝处理；对于大于5mm的粗裂缝，可用改性沥青(如SBS改性沥青)进行灌缝处理；在灌缝前，必须清除缝内、缝边碎料、垃圾等，并保证缝内干燥；在灌缝后，表面应洒布粗砂或3～ 5mm的石屑。优点：施工要求技术难度低，施工简便，投资少，见效快。缺点：行车感不好，治标不治本，短期行为，过不了不久又会出现。
3.1.2路面裂缝修补专业密封胶灌缝处理
呼包高速公路大部分路段，裂缝宽度在1cm以下的可采用密封胶进行灌缝处理。现在国内市场上密封胶种类很多，多为代理国外厂家产品，国产的密封胶也在近几年出现，但质量不是很稳
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
定。在内蒙古地区选用的密封胶，应采用适合在寒带（或寒温带）使用的标准型号，适用温度为-30
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
℃--38℃之间。密封胶灌缝必须采用专业路面灌缝机，施工季节应选在春秋两季，路面地表温度应达到4℃以上为宜（如达不到必须使用热吹枪对路面加温）且在阴雨天气不允许施工。灌注前应对路面裂缝进行开槽，开出的槽宽度为12.7mm，深度为12.7mm（宽：深为1：1最佳）开槽后用空压机将槽内的水分、灰尘、杂物及裂缝周边松动的物体清除干净，保持裂缝的清洁和干燥。灌注时密封胶必须在具有双层保温层、间接导热油加热的搅拌式锅炉内熔化，加热温度不得超过199℃，出料时温度不低于188℃，将密封胶均匀灌入槽内。如裂缝较深可采用膨胀条或垫衬物填充后再进行密封胶灌注，以控制密封胶用量。理想的密封层表面应比裂缝（接缝）略宽一点，以确保密封胶与裂缝两壁的紧密粘结，并且在裂缝表面形成T字型密封胶层，以提高防水性能。优点：裂缝防水性提高，行车平顺感较好，裂缝不至于短期开裂，有效防止裂缝进一步发展；缺点：灌缝材料价格较高，需要专用施工设备辅助施工，且一般密封胶在3年后老化裂缝仍会出现，无法根本解决裂缝问题。
3.1.3对路面裂缝段落采用加铺抗裂帖维修处理
呼包高速公路少部分路段裂缝发展，宽度超过1cm，并且出现轻度网裂现象。类似病害虽然不多但由于此类病害危害极大，可能致使大面积病害发生，且采用一般灌缝的处理手段很难达到治理效果。为了达到最大限度减少道路裂缝的目的，我公司尝试采用了高分子聚合物抗裂贴对存在严重裂缝病害的近1公里的试验路段进行了处理。抗裂贴是一种优质的道路高分子聚合物改性材料，并复合了高强胎基和耐高温织物，对道路的反射裂缝具有良
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
好的防治作用，并具有良好的防水效能。采用抗裂贴宽度为48cm，首先将存在病害的路段路面进行铣刨，露出基层。将基层表面清理干净在存在裂缝的部位将粘附表面灰尘和水清除干净，保持路面干燥清洁，对于裂缝较宽的先用密封胶将缝填充，并保证基层表面的平整。铺设时将隔离膜（纸）揭掉，将抗裂贴贴在裂缝部位，在铺设时应将成卷的材料拉紧，铺设应平
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
整不得出现皱着或出现翘边现象。铺设过程如出现重叠应保证重叠长度50—125mm。不能超过两层以上的重叠。铺设完毕后应用胶轮滚筒进行滚压至少3遍。铺设完成后尽早在其上面进行沥青混凝土的摊铺施工，铺设与摊铺的时间间隔一般不得少于24小时，且铺设完后不得有施工车辆或人员在已铺设好的抗裂贴上经过，防治其发生粘接不牢现象发生。另外上面的沥青混凝土铺设完成后在进行压实过程中应将压路机的振幅调到最低振幅和最高频率的位置，如压路机振幅过大可能导致在抗裂贴位置出现沥青混凝土少量剥落。优点：能够有效长期防止裂缝出现，抗裂贴克服了单纯采用土工布、玻纤格栅抗裂而造成的界面性，这种界面性影响沥青面层的受力状况，影响了抗裂能力。抗裂贴在防止裂缝的同时又起到防止水分下渗的效果，特别其有一定的低温抗裂性对于路面冻裂后冻水下渗起到很好的防治效果，对北方地区非常适合。缺点：施工难度大，技术要求较高，材料费用比较昂贵。
3.1.4合理组织施工，尽量避免冷接缝。
对于冷接缝的处理，应先将接缝处沿边缘切割整齐、清除碎料，然后预热软化接缝处，涂刷乳化沥青，再铺筑新混合料。碾压时，压路机在已压实的横幅上，钢轮伸入新铺层15cm左右，每压一遍向新铺层移动15～20cm，直到压路机全部在新铺层为止。对于纵向裂缝，如分幅摊铺时，前后幅应紧跟，上、下层的施工纵缝应错开15cm以上，摊铺时控制好松铺系数，使压实后的接缝结合紧密、平整。1.3沥青路面摊铺前，对下卧层需认真检查，及时清除泥灰，处理好软弱层，保证下卧层稳定。在旧路面上加铺沥青路面结构层前，须铣削原路面后再加铺，以延缓反射裂缝的形成。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
3.1.5在路面出现微小裂缝时就必须及时处理整治。
对于细裂缝(2～5mm)可用改性乳化沥青灌缝。对大干5mm的粗裂缝，可用改性沥青(如橡胶类改性沥青)灌缝。灌缝前，必须清除缝内、缝边碎粒、垃圾，并使缝内干燥。灌缝后，表面撒上粗砂或3～5mm石屑。对裂缝很大的情况，必须将裂缝两边沥青混凝土开挖，先处理基层再摊铺新混合料，水稳定性好、收缩性小的半刚性材料是首选基层。
3.2路面推移以及泛油和油斑的预防措施和治理措施：
提高混合料在压实后的内在稳定性，适度降低沥青和细集料的含量，提高混合料中多角碎石颗粒的含量，施工摊铺时尽量避免搅拌不匀的现象，如出现时可采用人工局部挑出。另外运输途中绝不能出现颠簸严重运输时间长情况。
出现路面推移情况时只能局部铲除，采用符合要求的新混合料摊铺，并与周边的混合料结合紧密。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
3.3车辙预防措施和治理措施：
主要是提高混合料的高温稳定性。近几年来的改性沥青混合料的生产施工实践证明，采用改性沥青混合料是防止或延缓路面产生车辙的有效方法。在沥青中掺人不同的改性剂能改善沥青的很多性能，粘度提高，感温性能稳定，沥青软化点提高，针入度提高，耐老化性能提高，从而也相应的提高了沥青的高温稳定性和抗车辙能力。改性沥青分为三类：第一类为矿物类填料，如碳、木质素、石棉等；第二类为聚合物类，橡胶类SBS、树脂类EVA、PA等；第三类为添加剂，包括抗养化剂、抗剥落剂等。从改性沥青混合料生产实践中可知，PE对改善沥青混合料的高温稳定性效果明显，而EVA对改善沥青低温延度方面效果明显。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
第四章 结束语
沥青路面的病害必须从路基施工准备阶段就开始重视，所有公路建设工程的施工单位和养护单位都有义不容辞的责任、义务，都必须强化施工管理，完善施工工艺和施工方法，提高施工质量，才能从源头上、根本上解决问题，社会效益和社会质量得到保证。
主要病害裂缝的产生很大程度上是由于不规范施工造成的，只要积极采取有效措施，规范管理，合理组织施工工序，杜绝不利因素的发生，裂缝问题一定可以减少。对出现的裂缝因地制宜结合当地实际情况选取合理的处理方法进行处理，就可以最大限度避免裂缝病害的进一步发展，确保道路使用寿命达到甚至超过设计使用寿命。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
参考文献
1、清华大学《混凝土结构》中国建筑工业出版社 1994.6北京 2、交通部公路司.公路工程质量通病指南.北京：人民交通出版社，2002。
3、中华人民共和国交通部发布.公路沥青路面养护技术规范(JTJ073.2-----2001)北京：人民交通出版社，2001
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
致 谢
感谢实习单位让我学到了许多路基试验室的知识，让我理论与实践相结合能够更好的完善所学到的知识。感谢学校，感谢我的所有任课老师让我更多的了解道路桥梁。历时半载，从论文选题到搜集资料，从开题报告、写初稿到反复修改，期间经历了喜悦、聒噪、痛苦和彷徨，在写作论文的过程中心情是如此复杂。如今，伴随着这篇毕业论文的最终成稿，复杂的心情烟消云散，自己甚至还有一点成就感。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
And subgrade construction program
1.preparations
Construction lofting: sure road line and roadbed and covers an area of red edge
120, small structures built underground pipelines having set small structures and roadbed (earth), but the underground pipeline must follow the \"first underground, after\continuity of the subgrade construction.
130, soil and stone roadbed () engineering:
The quality inspection and acceptance of 1.4, check and acceptance: when should focus on the roadbed compaction, flatness, slope, roadbed width and deflection testing etc. 2 and roadbed construction process
The original surface and 2.1, slope base
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
The quality of subgrade construction project is the key and route of roadbed project can withstand time, vehicle load, the winter monsoon rains. To make the subgrade engineering, roadbed compactness.a work.we must, on the surface of in-situ and slope of base. roadbed compactness.a should first on the ground. When the road embankment height not less than 1.0 m, should pay attention to the subgrade within the scope of the roots, grass all disadvantage. If the surface soil corrosion of basement, need excavator budding soil or artificial surface soil will fill, thickness change remove depending on the specific circumstances, not less than 30cm advisable and be layered compaction. If found CaoHui layer, frozen, crack, should be replaced with soil conditions, and in accordance with the provisions on backfill compaction. Through the cultivated land, embankment road embankment fill in advance before the construction must be compacted. If one organic matter content and other impurities, when the roller is too easy for flexibility, compaction, because in filling or mix.slope basal processing. Slope smaller (less than 5) cross-sectional slope, simply remove the surface slope surface, its processing method. But the bigger slope gradient (1), more than should be made to slope steps, embedded in the packing adequately, in order to prevent the embankment of sliding. According to the size of the steps, soil, terrain and construction method and different,
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
generally wide, and should not be less than the 1-m projects to DiNa steps into 3-5% of the slope tilt and layered ramming. After all, when completed by general filling.
With 2.2, subgrade soil compaction
Highway roadbed of strength and stability depends to a great extent on the nature and the roadbed compaction packing. From the present conditions, and improve soil compaction condition and roadbed quality guarantee is the most effective and economical way.
Ammeters subgrade filling
The rules and regulations of subgrade filling should choose conditions. Rock embankment is an ideal material should be good stability, convenient construction, small compressibility compaction and the distance of the soil and stone material is short. Packing should be generally adopted gravel subgrade and plasticity index of soil moisture content and conformance to specifications, don't use silt, swamp, organic soil, frozen, grass, garbage and contain the soil corrosion. More than 50 for liquid limit and plastic index of soil, should not be commonly 26 as subgrade filling. The smallest of subgrade filling maximum diameter and strength to quantify the value of the standard, using CBR characterization of subgrade soil strength, introduced the concept of road bed. On the bed of the packing of the condition, highways and highway pavement base class 0-30cm
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
below the road bed packing should be more than 8, the value of CBR under the bed and the road below, also fill are specified. As subgrade filling cannot reach the minimum strength, should take mixing aggregates, or in filling, or use such as lime stabilization material handling, not for other senior level road paving road, also want to use expressway and the specified level of roads.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
compaction soil base
Earth compaction effect of soil compaction degree is to improve the permeability of soil, water, reducing the height of capillary, control water and soil erosion of concentration and softening, or because of the yankees and frost heaving the non-uniform deformation earth compaction theory
In most cases, by soil subgrade soil, water and air is composed of three-phase system. They all have their respective characteristics and interdependent common in a unity, constitute the physical characteristics of the soil, viscosity, permeability and elasticity, plasticity and mechanical strength, etc. If the situation changes, is composed of soil physical properties to be different. Therefore, to change the characteristics of soil, and the change from the start. Soil compaction, is by mechanical means to change the soil structure, to improve soil base of strength and stability.
Earth compaction effect of internal factors of soil moisture content and main is nature, external factors have compaction function, compaction methods and tools, etc.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
1 compaction effect of moisture（1）water is the decisive factor of compaction effect,
2 when the optimum moisture in the soil, which is hard plastic state, the most easily get the best compaction effect, 3 the soil pressure ShiDao best density water stability. For soil compaction effect
(1) the different soil types are different optimum moisture and maximum dry density,
2 higher (liquid-limit high dispersion viscosity, the soil, the larger), the absolute best content of absolute maximum dry density and lesser,
3 the sand and clay compaction of good performance (ρ > c 1.85) and cohesive soil compaction of poor performance (ρ < 1.70) c.
compaction of compaction effect function
The same kind of soil compaction function with the best content decreased, while the maximum dry density function with the compaction increases, When the moisture content must, when the compaction function is higher density, When the compaction increases to a certain function, soil compaction degree is not significantly increased, it shows that, for a certain kind of soil, if exceeds a certain extent, in which the compaction increases the way to improve soil compaction degree is not economical.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
compaction tools and methods for compaction effect (1) the compaction tools, how effective pressure transmission is different also. Research shows that, after the pressure of machines, vibration-type transmission deepest, most shallow rolling type.
2 the compaction machine, load weight more hours long, soil compaction degree is higher, but the rate of growth of density decreases with increase of time, compaction machine is heavier, soil compaction degree was increased with increasing unloading time quickly, but more than a time limit of soil deformation, destruction will increase sharply and achieve, Machines that exceed the soil heavy intensity limit, will cause the soil.
3 the higher speed roller compaction effect.
Currently, generally USES the roadbed construction of large-tonnage roller (less than), the road roller upward-leading continuous casting.the to center on both sides, until the surface of the wheel track without obvious, follow after the first light weight, low vibration, the first after stability after the first slow, quick, high, the principle of the wheel, compaction effect of overlap has been improved. To improve the subgrade soil compaction degree on the good effect. Rules and regulations and highway pavement under the bottom 80 - more on the part of the subgrade compaction degree of other experiment.it must 94%, senior
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
level road paving road, when the compaction degree also should press expressway and the level of roads by the standard. In addition, also increases the base of subgrade compaction degree should not be less than 93% of regulation. As a main road in the west of highway construction, secondary specialized standard for senior road pavement design, from the beginning, all roadbed inspection standards adopted grade highway acceptance criteria.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
special damp area of subgrade soil compaction In special areas damp, the roadbed compaction is very difficult to make some adjustment standard: one is the degree of compaction test data can be determined according to the standard list or lower numerical reduce 2-3 percentage points, Two is less than 1.1, natural consistency for more than 40 liquid-limit, plastic index of more than 18, when used in goo soil under the bed and road embankment packing, can adopt prescribed light compacted standards, Three is to improve the packing in soil properties, adding lime, usually can get the desired effect, also can use new bibulous. As in the line extensions to JiMo section expressway haiyang construction contract, the five gravel mixed filling method has achieved remarkable results.
loess embankment filling and compaction
.1 loess embankment construction, should make the combination fill &excavation interface (vertical), remove weeds, slope dug in the steps to tilt. As with vertical surfaces, unable to dig into the steps, can be used to strengthen nails with geotextile. If the foundation soil with strong sex or higher collapsible bearing, and allow the compressibility than embankment self-respect, can consider to use heavy hammer, mat, laying geotextile between gravel pile and lime pile compacting reinforcement.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
.2 loess moisture content is too small, should add uniform any rolling, If too much, can turn loose moisture content to air again, can also adding lime treatment, reduce moisture. After the ash content should be well, ash, the maximum dry density should be determined by the compaction test.
3 old loess, poor permeability is wet, large soil crushed before use, not be decided by experiment. Road bed packing shall use the old loess. The new packing for the good of loess, can be used for filling road bed. The loess embankment should be layered rock, stratification, compaction, the block 10cm must be broken, and shall be in close on the compaction optimum moisture when rolling.
4 according to build on the edge of the lateral design timely LanShui, cut ditch installations and rushing water trough, will lead to the slope of feet, the embankment height than 20m, should according to the design pressure after the completion of the reserve of embankment sinking of dense consolidation is compressed.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
loess areas should pay special attention to road surface drainage, interception, should adopt decentralized, seepage, far far sent up according to the design principle, timely to comprehensive drainage facilities, will quickly lead from water roadbed. Fill &excavation border drawn in the gutter, should make the outlet of the water.
and roadbed drainage
Water is the impact strength and stability of road embankment and the service life of another important factor, many roadbed disease is caused by water erosion and another, to protect the environment, does not damage from local irrigation and water conservancy facilities, also must prepare the roadbed drainage, drainage system, and coordinated with drainage planning. In subgrade construction, construction drainage, should pay attention to prevent the floods caused by various subgrade pavement construction, to cause unnecessary losses. ground drainage
Most often by increasing the minimum height of filling roadbed and ground drainage facilities (ditches, cut ditch, the plunge, and the surface of the drain tank. For highway and level of drainage ditches on the highway, generally require slabs protection. Commonly used brick and reinforced slurry crushed cement concrete prefabricated plate also started a wide range of applications. Highway and grade
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
highway roadbed by dipping, past the location of every channel set contain in some places have improved on both sides of the line, and irrigation canals to decorate, the system of irrigation and drainage culverts line, so as to improve the quality of roadbed.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
underground drainage
The underground drainage is multi-purpose AnGou roadbed, blind ditch, ShenGou, etc, its characteristic is shall, when water permeation drain, the more water pipe ShenGou. The traditional gravel layer filter material to have filter function of geotextiles, years of development, the filter cloth with steel composed of synthetic fiber and strengthen stiffening fiberoptic permeable tube diameter 8-30cm, is applicable to the underground drainage.
and roadbed protection
The roadbed construction changed the natural balance, the formation and roadbed exposed constantly, space by various complicated natural factors, so need to erode all kinds of protection. slope protection
Slope protection aims to prevent the surface water erosion, the slope rock weathering spalling and environmental coordination. In recent years, with the importance of environmental protection, highway slope, use the grass slope protection, the higher QiShi box (square, diamond, arch type, M) grass protection. Due to the west slope protection to water, dry grass type selection is very important, are mostly using lawn, is born planting seed, fertilizer and soil evenly mixing with things, when the seed geotextile germinate also has grown grass solid earth,
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
non-woven fabric fiber natural decay, environmental pollution, the effect is very good.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
Stone is widely used WuGong protection, prefabricated concrete block in the embankment slope protection multi-purpose, where the hole and HuMianQiang, Used for cutting slope. Broken or easy weathering broken rock bolting world.firstly adopts hanging barbed wire or spray or plastic mesh high-strength fiber shotcrete and injection coagulation in protective also have better effect. But because WuGong stone and concrete protective cost is high, easy to damage such problems, from the Angle of environmental protection, suggestion promoting can improve ecological environment, landscaping, and once planted protection. erosion protection
River embankment slope protection is still used more directly from the scour protection. The traditional QiShi, stone, stone cage, wire etc, retaining wall with improvement of high-strength geogrid instead of wire do with stone cage, polyester or polyurethane type geotextiles mold bag concrete slope made by the panel protection of water, surf soil slope can adapt to the uneven settlement.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
4 retaining protection
Retaining wall used for retaining protection is still the main. Stone's gravity retaining wall for stone walls, high and low foundation good occasion, Reinforced concrete structure of cantilever retaining wall, retaining wall and wall of retaining the column is reasonable, wall body WuGong small volume, has been widely used in highway roadbed protection. Enclosed earth-retaining wall to adjust the height of the wall, and the prefabricated component assembles, is a special type of retaining wall. 5 soft foundation treatment
In recent years, with the highway and level of highway construction, according to the rapid development of soft soil foundation, prevent loss of embankment settlement observational control, stable, soft soil subgrade treatment technology achieved significant results. To deal with the soft soil foundation with sedimentation rate as paving surface subsidence control method to control the time in soft soil foundation, the senior pavement (not completed the transition of pavement done.the key technical problem solved.
lime-soil compaction pile
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
When the content of soft soil layer, take too much or too hours lime-soil compaction pile.
Excessive moisture content can fill in dry soil into holes or lime powder, powder to absorb moisture, or rapid part water hole hole side or under casing hole, or after casing, Moisture content is too small, should be soaked in advance within the scope of reinforcement layer and should be formed after the order, the circle and intervals, Already, should prevent hole by soaking water, and shall be days backfilling ramming, In order to avoid causing shrinkage ramming dozen cold, should play carotid blocking a hole, fill out a hole, When the pile hole, a soft soil, should adopt interval jump play ramming. Packing should be taken before ramming holes punched bottom 3-4 hammer, According to the test, as with filling compactness, strictly control the ramming material after speed and number, Packing should be returned, and control the white water, Each pore filling dosage should be calculated and complies with the dosage, Should not be less than heavy rammer 100Kg, Hammer type with pear or ZaoHe type more appropriate. To consolidate edge, unfavorable use flat earth fell from general rammer, should be more than 2m, As higher, should reduce groundwater level after backfilling ramming. Already appear, fracture or sandwich, application of luoyang shovel out, all in accordance with the provisions on the grey, fill in ram to
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
meet the design requirements. According to procedures carefully, According to the proportion is weighing, stir evenly to wet, moderation, Each next ash thickness, quantity, and high frequency DWTT according to regulations do consistent test: the construction in strict accordance with the quality evaluation criteria for sampling.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
Certainly, lightweight embankment
Use of lightweight materials can reduce the embankment of embankment foundation bearing capacity requirements. Currently China has applied the successful experience of fly ash filling embankment, can make the embankment self-respect reduce 25%. With heavy compaction test method for the determination of dry density is 9-12KN/m3. Silicon ash viscous drilling type, plastic, but not around 64% in liquid limit, the optimum moisture 37-41, have good compaction performance. Fly ash embankment slope surface with 1-2m TuBao goo, with the stable slope and grass, road to bed with the top surface coarse closed 0.3-0.5 m thick. geosynthetic materials
Shallow (less than 3m thick) of soft soil ground can be used at first, then the roadways perpendicular filling up space, embankment, geotextile filter, drainage and accelerate consolidation, and replace the conventional method of replacement.
Soft soil layer 3 - was adopted, and sand pad geotextile joint treatment, the thickness of the drainage sand pad by 50cm thinned - 30cm. Also in the embankment with surface layers below geotextiles, between laid by materials tensile strength of the sliding deformation to overcome foundation stable, through the control filling velocity, cooperate with the foundation for overload rapid consolidation.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
Using polypropylene and polyethylene geogrid and submerged by soft soil subgrade treatment table MATS, and its main effect is made of foundation soil and packing up and to the side of the displacement is restricted, reducing partial load. Table MATS can reduce the submerged by total settlement by around 40%.
To sum up, the roadbed construction should follow the requirements to ensure quality, create quality engineering, serve the society.
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
译文：
路基施工程序
1、准备工作
施工放样：确定道路中线，路基边桩以及占地红线
修建小型结构物预埋设地下管线小型结构物可与路基（土方）同时进行，但地下管线必须遵循\"先地下，后地上\"、\"先深后浅\"来完成，保证路基施工的连续性。 路基（土、石方）工程：
质量检查与验收：在检查及验收时，应着重对路基的压实度、平整度、坡度、路基宽度以及弯沉等进行检测。 2、路基施工过程
原地表及坡面基地处理
路基施工质量是整个路线工程的关键也是路基路面工程能否经受住时间、车辆行驶荷载、雨季冬季的考验。要做好路基工程，必须扎扎实实进行路基的填筑，有其是对原地面的处理和坡面基
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
地的处理。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
填筑路基时应首先进行原地面处理。当路堤填筑高度不小于1.0ｍ时，应注意将路基范围内的树根，草丛全部挖除。若基底的表层土系腐殖土，则需用挖掘机或人工将表层土清除换填，厚度视具体情况而定，一般不小于30ｃｍ为宜，并予以分层压实。如发现草灰层、鼠冻、裂缝，应更换符合条件土回填，并按规定进行压实。路堤通过耕地时，路堤填筑施工前必须预先填平压实。如其中有机质含量和其他杂质较多时，碾压时因弹性过大，不易压实，因换填土或实行混填。
坡面基底处理。坡面较小（横坡小于1：5）时，只需清除坡面上的表层，其处理方法同上。但坡度较大（横坡大于1：5）时，应将坡面做成台阶，让填料充分嵌在底基里，以防止路堤的滑移。台阶的尺寸，依土质、地形＆施工方法而不同，一般宽底不宜小于1m，而且台阶项目应做成向堤内倾斜3％－5％的坡度，并分层夯实。当所有填完之后，可按一般填土进行。 路基填土与压实
公路路基的强度和稳定性很大程度取决于路基填料的性质及其压实的程度。从现有条件出发，改进填土要求和压实条件是保证路基质量最有效和经济的方法。 路基填料
规范规定了对路基填料应有条件的选用。填筑路堤的理想材料应当是稳定性好、压缩性小，便于施工压实及运距短的土、石材料。路基填料一般应采用沙砾及塑性指数和含水量符合规范的土，不使用淤泥、沼泽土、冻土、有机土、含草皮土、生活垃圾及含腐植的土。对于液限大于50，塑性指数大于26的土，一般不宜作为路基填土。对路基填料的最小强度和最大粒径给了量化的
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
标准，采用CBR值表征路基土的强度，引入了路床的概念。对上路床的的填料提出了限制的条件，高速公路和一级公路路面底以下0-30cm的路床填料CBR值应大于8，下路床及其下面的填土，也都给出相应的规定值。当路基填料达不到规定的最小强度时，应采取掺合粗粒料、或换填、或用石灰等稳定材料处理，并不规定对其它等级公路铺筑高级路面时，也要采用高速公路和一级公路的规定值。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
压实土基地意义
压实土基的作用在于提高土体的密实度，降低土体的透水性，减少毛细水的上升高度，以防治水分集聚和侵蚀而导致土基软化，或因冻胀而引起不均匀变形 土基压实原理
在绝大多数情况下，路基土都是由土粒、水分和空气组成的三相体系。它们都具有各自的特性，并相互制约共同存于一个统一体中，构成土的各种物理特性--渗透性、粘滞性、弹性、塑性和力学强度等。若三者的组成情况发生改变，则土的物理性质亦随之不同。因此，要改变土的特性，也得从改变其组成着手。压实土基，就是用机械的方法来改变土的结构，以达到提高土基强度和稳定性的目的。
影响土基压实度的内在因素主要是含水量和土的性质，外在因素有压实功能，压实工具和方法等。 含水量对压实的影响
①含水量是影响压实效果的决定性因素；
②在最佳含水量时，即土处于硬塑状态时，最容易获得最佳的压实效果；
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
③压实到最佳密实度的土体水稳性最好。 土质对压实的影响
①不同的土类有不同的最佳含水量及最大干密度； ②分散性较高（液限较高，粘性较大）的土，最佳含水量的绝对值较高，而最大干密度的绝对值较小；
③亚砂土和亚粘土的压实性能较好（ρc ＞1.85），而粘性土的压实性能很差（ρc＜1.70）。 压实功能对压实的影响
同一种土的最佳含水量随压实功能的增加而减少，而最大干密度则随压实功能的增加而增加；当含水量一定时，压实功能越大则密实度越高；当压实功能增加到一定程度后，土的密实度就增加的不显著了，这表明，对于某一种土来说，如果超过某一限度，在采用增加压实功的办法来提高土的密实度就不经济了。 压实工具和方法对压实的影响
①压实工具不同，压力传递的有效程度也不同。研究表明，夯击式机具的压力传递最深，振动式次之，碾压式最浅。 ②压实机具的重量较小时，荷载作用时间较长，土的密实度越高，但密实度的增长速度则随时间增加而减小，压实机具较重时，土的密实度随施荷时间增加而迅速增加，但超过某一时间限度后，土的变形将急剧增加而达到破坏；机具过重以致超过土的强度极限时，将立即引起土体破坏。 ③碾压速度越高，压实效果越差。
当前路基施工，普遍采用了大吨位的压路机（不小于12t） ，碾压自路两边向中心进行，直至表面无明显轮迹为止，遵循先轻后重、先稳后振、先低后高、先慢后快、轮迹重叠的原则，碾压
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
效果有了明显的改善。对于提高路基土的压实度起了很好的作用。规范规定高速公路和一级公路路面底面以下80-150cm部分的上路堤其压实度必须≥94％，对其它等级公路当铺筑高级路面时，其压实度亦应按高速公路和一级公路的标准采用。此外，还增加了对路堤基底的压实度不宜小于93％的规定。如在西部某国道主干线二级专用公路施工中，路面设计标准为高级路面，因而从路基开始，所有的检验标准均采用一级公路验收标准。 特殊潮湿地区路基土的压实
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
在特殊潮湿地区，路基上的压实是相当困难的，规范对此作出了若干调整：一是压实度标准可根据试验资料确定或较表列数值降低2-3个百分点；二是对于天然稠度小于1．1，液限大于40，塑性指数大于18的粘质土，当用于下路床及其下的路堤填料时，可采用规定的轻型压实标准；三是改善填料的性质，在土中掺加生石灰，通常可以获得预期的效果，也可采用新型吸水材料加固。如在威乌线支线海阳至即墨段高速公路工程五合同，采用了碎石混填的方法取得了显著的效果。 3，黄土路基填筑及压实
黄土路堤施工时，应做好填挖界面的结合(纵向)，清除坡面杂草，挖好向内倾斜的台阶。如结合面陡立，无法挖成台阶时，可采用土工钉加强结合。若地基土层具有强湿陷性或较高的压缩性，且容许承载力低于路堤自重压力时，可考虑采用重锤夯实，垫隔土工布，碎石桩和石灰桩挤密加固的办法处理。
黄土含水量过小，应均匀加水再行碾压；如含水量过大，可翻松晾晒至需要含水量再进行碾压，也可掺入适量石灰处理，降低含水量。掺灰后应将土、灰拌匀，其最大干密度应通过击实试验确定。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
老黄土透水性差，干湿难以调节，大块土料不易粉碎，使用前应通过试验决定措施。路床填料不得使用老黄土。新黄土为良好填料，可用于填筑路床。黄土路堤应分层填筑，分层压实，大于10cm的块料，必须打碎，并应在接近上的压实最佳含水量时碾压密实。
根据设计及时修筑外侧边缘的拦水、截水沟构造物和急流槽，将水引至坡脚以外，对高度大于20m的路堤，应按设计预留竣工后路堤自重压密固结产生的压缩下沉量。
黄土地区应特别注意路基排水，对地表水应采取拦截、分散、防冲、防渗、远接远送的原则，根据设计及时做好综合排水设施，将水迅速引离路基。在填挖交界处引出边沟水量，应做好出水口的加固。 路基排水
水是影响路基强度和稳定性及路面的使用寿命的另一重要因素，许多路基病害是由水的侵蚀造成的，另外，从保护环境、不损害当地农田水利设施考虑，也必须做好路基排水，形成排水系统，并与地区排水规划相协调。在路基施工中，应重视施工排水，防止因各种原因造成的水患，给路基、路面施工造成不必要的损失。 地面排水
最通常采用适当提高路基最小填土高度和地面排水设施（边沟、截水沟、跌水、急流槽以及地表的排水管）。对于高速公路和一级公路上的排水沟渠，一般都要求铺砌防护。普遍采用浆砌片石加固、而水泥混凝土预制板块也开始广泛应用。高速公路和一级公路通过水网地段的路基，过去逢沟设涵的做法在一些地方有了改进，对路线两侧的灌溉沟渠重新系统布置，免去了穿越路线的
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
排灌涵洞，从而提高了路基的工程质量。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
地下排水
路基地下排水仍多用暗沟、盲沟、渗沟、渗井等，其特点是以渗透力式排水，当水流量较大，多采用带渗水管的渗沟。传统的砂砾料反滤层多改用有反滤功能的土工织物，几年研制的带有钢圈、滤布和加强合成纤维组成的加劲软式透水管直径8-30cm，很适用于地下排水。 路基防护
路基的修筑改变了地层的天然平衡状态，以及路基暴露在空间，不断受各种错综复杂的自然因素侵蚀，因此需要进行各种类型的防护。 坡面防护
坡面防护的目的是防止地表水流的冲刷、坡面岩土的风化剥落以及与环境的协调。近年来，随着对环境保护的重视，高等级公路的边坡，多采用种草防护边坡较高时，采用砌石框格(方型、菱形、拱型、M型)种草防护。由于西部干旱缺水，边坡种草防护类型的选择很重要，现大多采用草坪植生带，即将草籽、肥料和土均匀拌和裹于土工物内，当草籽发芽也长成草起到固土作用后，无纺布纤维自然腐烂，不会污染环境，效果很好。
石砌圬工防护仍较普遍使用，混凝土预制块护坡多用在路堤边坡，连片的及带窗孔的护面墙；用于路堑边坡。破裂的或易于风化破碎的岩石路堑边坡采用锚杆挂铁丝网或高强塑料网格喷浆或喷射混凝土以及喷射纤维混凝上防护也有较好的效果。
但由于石砌圬工及混凝土防护造价高、易破损等诸多问题，从保护环境的角度出发，建议大力推广既能改善生态环境，美化景观，又一劳永逸的种草防护。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
4，冲刷防护
防护沿河路基边坡免受冲刷仍多采用直接防护。传统的砌石、抛石、铁丝石笼、挡土墙等有所改进，用高强土工格栅代替铁丝做石笼，用聚脂或聚胺脂类土工织物混凝土护坡模袋做成的护面板防护受水冲浪击的边坡，很能适应土体不均匀沉降。 支挡防护挡土墙用于支挡防护目前仍占主要。石砌的重力式挡土墙多用于石料丰富、墙高较低、地基较好的场合；钢筋混凝土结构的悬臂式挡土墙、扶壁式挡土墙和板柱挡土墙其受力比较合理，墙身圬工体积小，也已广泛应用于公路路基的防护。垛式挡土墙易于调整墙的高度，并采用预制构件拼装，是一种特殊型式的挡土墙。 5、软土地基处理
近年来，随着高速公路和一级公路的建设的迅速发展，针对软土地基，在防止路堤失稳定、沉降观测控制、软土地基处理技术等方面取得了显著成果。对处理的软土地基用沉降速率作为铺筑路面时间的沉降控制方法控制，使得在软土地基上一次建成高级路面(而不是前期铺筑过渡路面)的关键技术问题得到了解决。 灰土挤密桩
当软土地层含水量过大或过小时，采取灰土挤密桩。
含水率过大可往孔内填干土粉或石灰粉，以吸去部分水分，或快速成孔浇灌或边成孔边下套管，或成孔后下套管；含水率过小，应预先浸湿加固范围内土层，成孔顺序应先外圈，后里圈并间隔进行；对已成孔，应防止受水浸湿，且应当天回填夯实；为避免夯打造成缩颈堵寒，应打一孔，填一孔；当桩孔较密，土质松软，应采取间隔跳打夯实。孔填料前应先夯打孔底3-4锤；根据试验测定的密实度要求，随填随夯，严格控制下料速度和夯击次数；
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
回填料应拌合均匀，并控制其含水量；每个孔填料用量应与计算用量基本符合；夯锤重不宜小于100Kg；锤型以梨型或枣核型较合适。有利于夯实边缘土，不宜采用平头夯锤，落距一般应大于2m；如地下水位较高，应降低水位后再回填夯实。已出现疏松、断裂或夹层，应用洛阳铲全部取出来，按规定重新填夯灰上，达到设计要求。认真按操作规程施工；灰土要按配合比称量，搅拌要均匀，干湿要适度；每次下灰厚度、数量、落锤高度、夯击次数要按试验规定做到前后一致：施工中严格按质量评定标准进行抽样检验。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
轻质路堤
用轻质材料填筑路堤可减轻对地基承载力的要求。目前国内已有应用粉煤灰填筑路堤的成功经验，可使路堤自重减轻25％左右。用重型击实试验法测定最大干容重为9-12KN／m3。硅钻型粉煤灰粘性小，不具塑性，但液限在64％左右，最佳含水量37-41％，有良好的压实性能。粉煤灰路堤边坡表层1-2m用粘质土包覆，以稳定边坡和利于长草，路床顶面用粗粒上封闭厚0．3-0．5m。 土工合成材料加固
浅层(一般小于3m厚)的软土地基可采用先在地表铺筑上工布，再填筑路堤，土工布起分隔、过滤、排水和加速固结等作用，从而取代常规的置换方法。
软土层厚度3-5m，采用土工布与砂垫层联合处治，排水砂垫层的厚度可由50cm减薄至30cm。也有在路堤下面与地表之间铺设多层土工织物，利用材料的高抗拉强度克服地基的滑动变形来保持稳定，通过控制填土速率，配合超载予压，使地基迅速固结。 采用聚丙烯或聚乙烯土工格栅，以及采用网箱席垫处理软土地基，其主要作用是使地基土和填料向上和向两侧的位移受到限制，减少局部荷载。采用网箱席垫可减少总沉降量40％左右。
若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!
综上所述，路基施工要遵循规范要求，确保质量，创造出优质工程，服务于社会。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容