一， 什么是句子？
句子是由词依据肯定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必需大写，结尾要有．？ ！ （1）I am a teacher. （2）Are you a student?
（3）How beautiful the girl is !
二，句子包括哪些成分？
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
三 英语各种成分的基本含义及用法 （一）、主语
主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个人”？或者是一件“什么事”？或者是一件“什么物体”，等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、“什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。
主语是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类(或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如：It .... that ...句式等。 1. Peter is a well-known pianist. （名词作主语）
2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 数词词组作主语) 3. He likes reading storybooks. (代词作主语)
4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短语作主语） 5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （从句作主语） 6. It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway. (It 是形式主语, to travel...部分是真正的主语)
操练1： 请指出下列句中的主语。
1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
（二）、谓语
在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来回答、说明、解释主语“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”等的部分。英语句子中，除少数状况外，谓语必需是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊状况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。
1. His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） 2. We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）
3. We have finished reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 4. He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）
操练2： 请选出下列句中的谓语。 1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this.
（三）、宾语
①从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语 (介词后也有宾语) 。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。 1. We often help him. （代词作宾语）
2. He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语）
3. We enjoy listening to the music. （动名词短语作宾语） 4. She said that she felt sick. （从句做宾语）
操练3： 请挑出下列句中的宾语。 1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. 3. How many new words did you learn last class?
②分析句子： The sun gives us light and warmth. （us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语）
1、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。间接
宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。
2、假如强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词 “to”或“for”。接to的动词有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。
Give your mother the letter.
＝Give the letter to your mother.
直接宾语 间接宾语
（接for的动词有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。）
Can you find me my bag? ＝Can you find my bag for me?
直接宾语 间接宾语
(这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。)
操练4： 请划出下列句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。 1. Please tell us a story.
2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term.
（四）、宾语补足语
现在一般认为，宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。这个问题分两点来说明。
1、 英语中有些及物动词，不但会涉及到一个对象(宾语)，还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就
是宾语补足语。 例如：
① We call him Little Tom. (称呼的对象是him, 称呼的结果是Little Tom. Little Tom 就是宾语补足语。) ② I find smoking bad for health. (find 的对象是smoking, 结论是bad for health.)
2、英语中表示看、听之类的动词，不仅看到一个人(宾语)，还会看到他在做什么事。宾语所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如：
I saw a bird in a cage. (看到小鸟在笼子里，“在笼子里”是宾语补足语。) We heard her singing a song. (听到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。) （这一类带宾语补足语动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。）
操练5： 请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。 1. We call her Lily sometimes. 2. I saw Jerry get on the bus.
当堂检测
(一). 指出下列句子中主语的中心词
① The student with a book is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My mother is doing housework. ②I like playing football with you.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
(四) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
④ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
第一讲答案
操练1： 请指出下列句中的主语。
1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky. 3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 操练2： 请选出下列句中的谓语。 1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. Do you usually go to school by bus? 3. What I want to tell you is this. 操练3： 请挑出下列句中的宾语。 1.My mother is doing housework. 2.I like playing football with you.
3. How many new words did you learn last class? 操练4： 请划出下列句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。 1. Please tell us a story. 2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term. 操练5： 请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。
1. We call her Lily sometimes. 2. I saw Jerry get on the bus. 当堂检测
(一). 指出下列句子中主语的中心词
① The student with a book is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 B A C A C (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? (四) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me? (五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
④ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
其次讲：英语句子成分
（五）、表语
英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(变得), sound(听起来), look, seem(看起来), feel(感到)等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。留意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如：
I am a teacher. (系动词am + 表语 a teacher)
They are on the playground now. (系动词are + 表语 on the playground.) It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词，interesting为表语)
操练6：请划出下列句中的表语。
1.The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now.
4. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club.
（六）、定语
定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。请记住：定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物(即名词)特点的成分。动词不行能有定语，形容词也没有。一般状况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句(定语从句)。例如： The black bike is mine. (单个的词作定语)
The office is ten minutes’ walk from here. (词组作定语)
This is a book which tells about rocket technology. (从句作定语)
英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特殊是放在名词后面的定语，与中文习惯不同，同学们要留意辨别清楚。 He works in a shoe factory. This is my book, not your book. Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?
The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach.
操练7：请划出下列句中的定语。 1. What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom.
3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. There are five boys who will play the game.
（七）、状语
状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．
例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生，等等。一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当． 状语的核心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。
一般来说，状语的位置比较机敏，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不肯定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体状况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。 例如：
We often help him. (often 副词，位置在help 前面。)
I really don't like the food. (也可以说：I don't like the food really. ) (留意状语really 的位置。) He did his homework carefully at home. (carefully 副词；at home 是词组，位置都在did 后面。) When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (when从句是时间状语，在句首；to be...是目的状语。)
操练8：请划出下列句中的状语。 1. Every night he practices playing the piano. 2. We must work hard to pass the exam. 3. She loves the library because she loves books.
利用口诀综述以上内容：主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。 间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连。宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。 （八）同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：
We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘同学’） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow is true. （从句作同位语）
总结：
按句子成分划分，此句为： The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. (主语) (定语) (谓语) (状语) (谓语) (宾语) (定语) 当堂检测
(一) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired. ②
The leaves have turned yellow.
③ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(二) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③
The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
(三) 挑出下列句中的状语
① Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ② He began to learn English when he was eleven.
③With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ④The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
（四）指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather . 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated. 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . 6.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 7.There are many film that I’d like to see. （五）单项填空
1 ___ six years since I began to study English.
A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 It’s very noisy outside. ___ is going on?
A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 3 There must be____ near the factory.
A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores 4 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients. A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 5 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he?
A. is B. isn't C. must D. mustn't
6 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in this school. A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 7 I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.
A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn't 8 This room ___ every morning.
A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning 9 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name?
A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 10 He is ___ to lift the heavy box.
A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough 11 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring.
A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going
12 His job is____English.
A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 13 We should get ready___ others.
A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 14 Let ____ do it again.
A. I B. me C. he D. she 15 I found ___ difficult to work together with him.
A. it B. its C. that D. those
其次讲答案 操练6：请划出下列句中的表语。
1.The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club. 操练7：请划出下列句中的定语。 1. What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. There are five boys who will play the game. 操练8：请划出下列句中的状语。
1. Every night he practices playing the piano. 2. We must work hard to pass the exam. 3. She loves the library because she loves books. 当堂检测
(一) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
④ The leaves have turned yellow.
③ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(二) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ⑤
The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
(三) 挑出下列句中的状语
① Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
② He began to learn English when he was eleven. ③ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ④ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. （四）指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .（主语）
2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily .（谓语） 3. That was how they were defeated. （表语） 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . （宾语）
5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . （宾语补足语） 6.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . （状语） 7.There are many film that I’d like to see. （定语） （五）单项填空
1—5 A B A B B 6---10 C D C A A 11---15 A A B B A
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