investigation is nothing but the expression_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 结构分析:分号相当于汉语的句号,因此整个句子分为两个分句,第一个句子的主语是the method of scientific investigation,谓语是is,nothing but 是个短语,意思为“只不过,仅仅”,the expression_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the human mind是个固定名词短语,其核心成分是
expression_r_r,它后面接了很长的介词短语做其后置定语,翻译时由后面往前面翻译,第二个句子的主语是it (指代前面的the method),by which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词mode,定语从句里的主语是all phenomena,从
句的谓语用了两个并列的被动语态。 参考译文:
科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动必要的表达方式,这一科学方法也仅仅是对一切现象进行推理并给以精确而严谨解释的那种方式。
测试点:后置定语和定语从句;固定短语;名词短语;
举一反三:“名词+介词+名词+介词”是个翻译必考的短语,这个短语的核心成分是最先出现的名词或并列名词,翻译时要求由后面往前面翻,希望广大考生特别注意。
72.There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and
complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
结构分析:逗号相当于句号。这一句子是由not that„.but that引导的一个并列分句结构,并列两个句子,翻译成为:不是因为„而是因为。在not that引导的从句里面由the scales和the balance两个并列名词做主语,且in the one case 和In the other (后面省略了与前面相同的词case)属于词组并列;谓语是differ
in(在„方面有不同);后面的or是个并列连词,连接principles和manner这两个名词短语。第二个从句有省略,应该理解为but it is that,从句的主语是the latter(翻译成“后者”,指代前面的名词the balance),than是个比较连词,and并列的前面是个名词much finer apparatus,后面并列的不是个介词,而是个形
容词词组much more accurate in its measurement。 参考译文:
这并不是因为一方面(指面包师或卖肉者)所用的磅秤和另一方面(指化学家)所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是因为与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的仪器,因而在计量上必然更精确得多。
测试点:并列结构;省略结构;指代关系; 举一反三:并列结构包括词、短语和句子的并列,在理解时一般要参照对比并列连接词后的词语,综合考虑是词或词组的并列,还是句子的并列。英语中经常出现固定短语的并列,比如
both„and; between„and; such„.as„.; the same„.as等,这在我基础班和公开课里讲到过。 73.You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,
and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.
结构分析:本句的主谓是you have all heard,it做形式宾语,一般不翻译,repeated做it的宾语补足语,可以理解为“多次”,后面三个that引导的宾语做真正的宾语。在第一个宾语从句里面,men of science做主语,谓语是work,介词by means of做方式状语;第二个宾语从句里的by the help of these operations做方式状语,主语是they,介词短语in a sort of sense是个固定成分,单独翻译;第三个宾语从句是由and that 引导的,两个介词短语out of these 和by some special skill of their own做方式状语,these因为其是个复数名词,所以指代前面的natural laws(自然规律)。 参考译文:
你们都曾多次听说过,科学家是通过归纳法和演绎法来工作的;在某种意
义上说,他们用这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些自然规律;然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的一些特殊的本领,来建立起他们的理论。
测试点:从句并列;形式宾语it; 代词指代
举一反三:it经常在翻译里面做形式主语和宾语,在表达时一般不翻译出来。介词短语要多记,因为它经常是单独翻译的。
74.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 结构分析:形式主语It 和被动语态使用时,一般要求把被动翻译成为主动,有时没主语时,还要补上其主语。By no means是个固定短语,意思是“绝对不,根本不能”,these processes指代前面
的科学家的思维活动,and that 引导的是第二个主语从句,从句的主语they指代前面出现的名词these processes。To be acquired是个被动语态,应该翻译成主动形式。 参考译文:
许多人以为普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,同时还认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
测试点:被动语态;that引导的并列主语从句;固定词组;代词指代
举一反三:被动变主动翻译方法;形式主语it一般不翻译。
75.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of
natural phenomena.
结构分析:本句主语there be的句型。one是个代词,意思是“人或人们”,who引导的是个定语从句,in the course of the day(在一天当中)是个固定介词短语,set sth. in motion(表示使...开始/行动)是个动词短语,但由于set的宾语a complex train of reasoning太长,所以把它的宾语放到后面去了,介词短语of the very same kind修饰前面的动名词reasoning,固定短语the same„.as(与......一样)中间插入了一个though differing in degree让步状语成分,that是个代词,指代句子里面的reasoning(推理活动),引导词which修饰前面的that,引导的是个定语从句。 参考译文:
大概不会有人一整天都没有机会来进行一连串复杂的思考或推理活动,这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度
不同,但在性质上是完全一样的。 测试点:宾语后置;定语从句;插入结构;固定短语;that的用法
举一反三:宾语后置是近几年的考试热点,它一般是某些动词短语的宾语太长,为了避免头重脚轻,所以放到后面去了。还有课堂上提到的that的5大考点,一定要记住,每次都会考到,另外固定短语the same„as,定语从句等也经常考到。希望广大考生把这道题作为重点复习的内容。
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